Maharashtra APMCs: Current Status and Substitute Marketing

Maharashtra APMCs: Current Status and Substitute Marketing Shivaang Sharma In India, the promoting of farming produce is directed by Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act 1966, which accommodates the constitution of market boards of trustees by state government, notice of agrarian wares as likewise spot of showcasing of rural produce. Consequently, the showcasing of informed farming produce in regions other than told territories is unlawful. The territories so planned by the state government are known as Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) markets or Mandies. The deep rooted syndication of discount markets under the government’s guideline have basically controlled the progression of a serious showcasing framework in the nation, giving arrangement of help to ranchers in direct advertising, sorting out retailing, smooth gracefully of crude materials to ventures having some expertise in agro preparing and the reception of an imaginative promoting advancements and frameworks. The goals of this report are to: Look at the current status of state agrarian markets and endeavors to fortify their advertising foundation. Look at the advancement made by elective showcasing channels, for example, Shetkari Bazaars and Contract cultivating. Rural markets in the nation are built up (Table 1) and managed under each state’s APMC acts. The whole physical region inside each state is isolated and attested to be a market region where Market Committees deal with the market yards which themselves are set up by the individual state governments. At the point when a particular area inside the state is affirmed as a market region, it naturally comes extremely close to the state’s designated advertise board of trustees. Inside this region just people who have been conceded permit for working inside the district might be allowed to take part in discount advertising exercises. These lawfully settled restraining infrastructures of discount markets which are government managed have basically controlled the development of a further developed serious arrangement of agrarian promoting inside the domain of each state. Consequently a proficient arrangement of horticultural showcasing is genuinely necessary for the extension of t he agrarian piece of the economy since it further prompts motivating forces and modes for expanded rural and associated segments creation in this way assisting means ranchers with commercializing themselves and their organizations all the more successfully. Table 1: Division savvy appropriation of APMC primary market and sub showcase yards in Maharashtra: Source: Director of Marketing (DOM), Pune. According to the arrangement of Government of Maharashtra, produce of farming, regardless of whether handled or not, including cultivation, animal farming, pisciculture and produce from woodlands are characterized as horticultural produce. Every once in a while, the rural produce of the region are informed as rural produce for advertising in assigned commercial center by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection. In this setting, GOI comprised a specialist board of trustees on fortifying and creating of Agriculture advertising in December 2000, which was trailed by constitution of a bury clerical team to audit the parent arrangement of Agricultural promoting in the nation and to prescribe measures to make the framework progressively effective. The advisory group in its report of June 2001 and Task power in its report of May 2002 made various proposals not exclusively to improve the current controlled advertising system yet in addition to advance an equal promoting system in the pri vate and agreeable segment. These suggestions included: examining the necessities to give and fortify existing showcasing foundation, advance serious option rural advertising framework through association of private and agreeable area, give framework offices to evaluating, normalization and quality confirmation of rural produce and to give preparing to ranchers, business visionaries and market functionaries on farming promoting. Ensuing upon this turn of events, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation, GOI propelled a credit connected back finished capital venture endowment plot for advancement/Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure, Grading and Standardization (AMIGS) with impact from twentieth October 2004 with the view to making: Extra Agricultural Marketing framework Reinforcing existing agrarian advertising framework Advancing serious option rural promoting framework through the inclusion of private and agreeable divisions. Since the plan was connected to advertise changes, the states which have revised the APMC Act to incorporate private cooperation and agreement cultivating are currently qualified for profiting the advantage of sponsorship under the plan. The province of Maharashtra being one of the main states to receive the new approach of Union government has revised its APMC demonstration and the plan is in activity since fifth September 2006. A few parts of this plan include: Grain units †godown, drying yard, site advancement and hardware; Milk unit-mass coolers, consolidate reapers and sale sheds. Table 2: Geographical inclusion of APMCs in Maharashtra: Source: Director of Marketing (DOM), Pune. Considering the topographical inclusion of APMCs inside the state (Table 2); as of 31st March 2011, 188 recommendations having a money related expense of Rs. 22,671.32 Lakh, bank advance of Rs. 14,191.68 Lakh and qualified endowment of Rs. 4,692.61 Lakh were gotten from various banks by NABARD, Maharashtra Regional Office, Pune. So as to survey the procedures executed by the APMCS of Maharashtra, a point by point study was directed by NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Development). Advancing to the second target of this report, we start by investigating the option well known promoting direct which is developing related to the customary APMC set up for example Shetkari Bazars. The Farmer’s Market (Shetkari Bazar) is a thought of showcasing the agrarian produce straightforwardly to customers by makers (ranchers). By barring the middle people who in the model have all the earmarks of being an inflationary power, the agrarian produce arrives at its goal in great condition because of negligible in the middle of handlers. Therefore, this technique prompts better value acknowledgment for the ranchers and furthermore quality produce arrives at the purchasers at far lower value levels. This configuration of leading rural advertising has recently been upheld in Andhra Pradesh (which was called Raithu Bazar). This arrangement is intended to help little scope rancher makers (with less amounts of delicate vegetables and natural products) to make sure about better val ue levels in this way getting away from business misuse in the market yard by Dalals. Since second July 2002, according to the administration goals No. APMC-1099/PC.305/11-c, Govt. of Maharashtra has chosen to set up Shetkari Bazars in the state and MSAMB has been delegated as nodal organization for actualizing this plan. The produce brought by ranchers won't be imposed cess at the Shetkari bazaars in all locale and key taluka puts by APMCs from the territory. According to this goals, a state level advisory group is arrangement under the chairmanship of Hon. Priest of Marketing, Govt. of Maharashtra, for actualizing and observing of this plan. The region level advisory groups are likewise set up under the chairpersonship of separate locale authorities with the accompanying objectives4: To assist ranchers with getting sensible rates for their produce; To profit buyers by giving them new produce at sensible costs; Quick worth acknowledgment of the produce to ranchers with no findings; To give produce in suitable loads and measures to buyers; To being makers and purchasers together to maintain a strategic distance from chain of mediators. The MSAMB has arranged setting up of 100 Shetkari Bazars in the state by the following 5 years. The expense of setting up a solitary bazaar is evaluated to associate with 20 25 Lakh. Subsequently, MSAMB is giving advance to the most extreme degree of 10 Lakh for each recipient. Intrigue is financed up to half of the absolute advance. The pace of enthusiasm for the advance is 5% p.p. with 10 years recompense period. To benefit this advance, the APMC needs to present the proposition to the MSAMB alongside the point by point plan and assesses and get earlier endorsement for the equivalent before starting development. There have been some convincing examples of overcoming adversity in the domain of Contract cultivating which have changed the fortunes of ranchers having a place with explicit areas of Maharashtra. Manchar town in Pune region of Maharashtra is celebrated for its top notch potato crops. Pepsico organization as of late started purchasing the produce of more than 6000 sections of land of land in the territory. The key components of Pepsico’s achievement are its remarkable association with neighborhood offices, execution of innovation move through very much prepared expansion work force, flexibly of agrarian actualizes liberated from cost, standard and convenient installment to ranchers and the upkeep of an ideal strategic framework. This is particularly gainful considering the measure of PHL limited and the time spared by ranchers who in any case would need to move their valuable yields to the APMC advertise yard at the every day danger of losing a portion of their harvests to ta king care of, climate and potential street mishaps. As of late, Sanghar Exports, Pune, likewise went into contract cultivating of banana with the ranchers in Pune (Phoolgaon) and Solapur. For this situation notwithstanding, the agreement is just for the acquisition of the farming produce. Taking everything into account, attributable to the idea of the APMC showcasing pipeline, inflationary practices have gotten inevitably endemic inside the APMC advertising mechanical assembly which must be expelled by a two-overlay technique. Initially advancement and financing of elective showcasing channels, for example, Shetkari Bazaars, Contract cultivating and direct advertising must be followed. Besides, by diminishing the quantity of go betweens at present included inside the APMC

Alternative and Activist New Media Essay Example for Free

Option and Activist New Media Essay New Media Presentation  â â â â â â â â â â New media is the entrance to content by utilization of computerized gadgets like telephones and PCs whenever and anyplace over the globe. Harries (56) accepts the substance of new media is being gotten to in simply uncontrolled manners progressively. It is a space commanded by inventiveness and cooperation advise regarding data partaking in an input inspired set up. The new media space is inclined to control and is generally networkable and profoundly intuitive. The scope of such media is huge reaching out from web, video programs, CD-ROMs to sight and sound just to specify a couple. New media is paperless and does exclude TV programs normally spread on simple signs, books, articles and other composed media.  â â â â â â â â â â Wikipedia is apparently the best case of the new media as indicated by Harries (56). It shows an extraordinary volume of advanced data educate regarding content, recordings, pictures and different connections prompting their destinations of area. The data in that can be adjusted by editors and authors to profit those customers who may not be acquainted with the language utilized English. The connection is show in the manner criticism is gotten to in the site by clients. Clients are additionally presented to an assortment of data at only a tick on one site. Facebook and Wikitude are likewise models in this interest. Clients of Facebook for example have a more significant level of connection, trading moment data in a bidirectional input component. Wikitude then again has an ability to show pictures in three measurements, perceive such pictures and give a reasonable photographic view to understand an intensified reality.  â â â â â â â â â â The advantages of this pattern can never be thought little of. Lievrouw (1980) says globalization is the significant effect of the new media. It has expanded trade of data among individuals everywhere throughout the globe over the web. Individuals trade data in type of writings, pictures, drawings, recordings among different structures in such stages that permit blogging and posting of such data on different sites. Social relationship has expanded a lot to the degree it currently disparages the separation between individuals. Globalization is viewed as a type of connection that isn't confined by the fringes of one country yet reaches out over the globe challenging the separations over the huge land and water masses of the world. What a help over voyaging that was provoked by the requirement for correspondence in the past occasions!  â â â â â â â â â â Lievrouw, nonetheless, keeps up that the advantages of globalization are competent to the detriment of a pressure free open space. The new media condition makes a great deal of strain among various resources a cross the world. The uncontrolled correspondence in some cases may turn into a space for the raucous individuals to utilize such stages for their own benefits. The data spread separates from different specialists both political and social. Open connections between individuals can be very indented because of the topographical trespass. Social limitations that existed in the past are persistently being wiped out by virtual networks that are quickly mushrooming in the online stages.  â â â â â â â â â â He says the American Digital Consumer sees the clients of the web based life as a people who are in consistent trade of merriments, thoughts and merchandise on the web. It applauds the pretended by new media in the business world particularly in commercial. In spite of the fact that there might be contentions that the web world doesn't influence the ethics of a general public, the facts demonstrate that the ethical debauchery in play far and wide today is all borne by this pattern. Notice any sexual bad habit like obscene motion pictures and the propagator will be named web. From the prior contention, the facts demonstrate that the debauchery in the cultural ethical quality has being brought about by advancements that are found in the new media.  â â â â â â â â â â Sparks (275) says that the media condition attests that individuals treat PCs like individual people. This infers new media is additionally vital in encouraging social change in our general public. As indicated by Sparks new media has been utilized to convey cooperate and in preparation of numerous social gatherings around the globe. The principal gathering to utilize the new internet based life to get changes association and communiquã ©s in the year 1994 was the Zapatista armed force. From that point forward the new web based life has been utilized from various perspectives around the globe. The fights the world over are completely founded on the new media to proliferate the data in a single manner to a great extent. In huge associations, fights are sorted out and conveyed through the new media. The new media is utilized to teach individuals on the different necessities on their commitment. The equitable title has additionally been made conceivabl e through this stage. The entrance to data is profoundly expanded and subsequently an expanded edifying residents. Different individuals exploit the new media to assemble the help from grassroots levels an undertaking that was right around a dull feline in obscurity over the past.  â â â â â â â â â â Sparks (300) additionally contends that even so doubt has been a piece of these turns of events. Cynic researchers refer to awkwardness in the entrance of the new media around the globe as an obstruction to endeavors planned for widening the base of developments. Now and again this may bring about the abuse of the minority in similar developments. A few researchers despite everything question how new media might be of an incentive to social developments not just for the ones without access of it yet additionally for them that utilization it. The developments can likewise utilize the new media wrongly as for the situation for steady mass activity by the college understudies the world over. In the event that such activities have no grounded base on vote based system, at that point their proliferation on such media is of no incentive to the general public.  â â â â â â â â â â National security is a need to any administration. The new media is significant job player in this field. All the data on security is put away in an information based and made sure about. The data can be gotten to effectively and on the double utilizing different information base instrument by the experts in the midst of hardship consequently improving the responses in the midst of security stuns. Shockingly the ongoing pattern of psychological oppression shows complex utilization of the new media in the achievement of their brutal assaults on blameless residents of different nations. New online life has become a generally excellent stage for fear monger to compose their malignant demonstrations. After a slaughter you can hear those giving talks that are clear of cases for duty.  â â â â â â â â â â Industries additionally utilize new web-based social networking to go across data with respect to different obligations. Representatives inside various divisions can share data and thoughts coming full circle to quality improvement in the business. Government officials likewise utilize social stages these days to revitalize support. Their statements, pictures and accomplishments for the benefit of individuals can generally be presented on keep individuals side by side of their great deeds. In outline new media greatly affects the present cultural patterns. Everything relies upon the people who use it and the purpose behind which the utilization it. It is extremely useful whenever utilized well across various fields to bring positive change. References Harries, Dan. The New Media Book. London: British Film Institute, 2002. Print. Lievrouw, Leah A. Option and Activist New Media. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2011. Print. Flashes, Glenn G. Media Effects Research: A Basic Overview. Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2013. Print. Source record

The Internet and Plagiarism Essay -- Internet Plagiarism Essays Cheati

The Internet and Plagiarism The World Wide Web is bigger than any one individual can envision. There are a boundless measure of connections to libraries and different wellsprings of data. There are various web search tools, for example, Yahoo, which make exploring extremely simple. We can discover whatever we need on line, on the grounds that there are no limits to our investigations, and there are no laws to stop us. You can discover anything from socks to weapons. Individuals can even discover finished research papers on the web; they just reorder it to another report, make a couple of alterations, and it is prepared to turn in. Un-fair individuals do this consistently, and it has become a typical issue among secondary schools and universities. This is a major issue known as written falsification, which has gotten simpler through Internet get to. The Internet has negative and constructive outcomes on counterfeiting in today’s society. What makes an individual take another person’s work? What makes an individual duplicate lines from an article, exposition, book or a reference book? Copyright infringement, what is Plagiarism? How individuals know whether they have counterfeited? We live in a quick pace world, and a little lift once in a while to assist us with completing our activity quicker won’t hurt. Honestly, it can hurt you more than you know! Counterfeiting is characterized as utilizing someone’s words and thoughts without giving legitimate credit to the author1. It is really assuming acknowledgment for an examination and manner of thinking that you never endeavored. It is claiming to know about a subject that you don’t have an idea about. Did you realize that you could get in a tough situation for stealing from yourself? It is conceivable. That old paper that you amended for another task can get you in a difficult situation. Counterfeiting has been an issue among secondary schools and colle... ...s can be gotten on the web. The Internet additionally has incredible sites that show you how to summarize a passage and, how to maintain a strategic distance from written falsification: http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/wts/plagiarism.html, and, http://owl.english.purdue.edu/gifts/look into/r_plagiar.html. Few out of every odd individual that appropriates will be gotten, however ideally individuals will turn out to be progressively mindful of the outcomes they may confront. In our current society, individuals are affected day by day by written falsification from online sources. It is an out of line approach to get an undertaking finished, and is out of line to the creator. Destinations that offer simple way outs plague the Internet, and they are contaminating understudies all things considered. Fortunately, locales are being framed to support educators and instructors to stop such acts. There will never be an approach to thoroughly control counterfeiting yet we can dare to dream that the ramifications for written falsification will keep legit individuals genuine.

A Wide Spread Problem Of Procrastination - Free Essay Example

The authors of PRONCRASTINATION, Jane and Lenora have said: Procrastination is not primarily a time management problem or a moral failing but a complex psychological issue. At its core, problem procrastination is a problem with oners relationship to oneself, reflecting a shaky sense of self-esteem. Do you have the experience that cramming for tests or paying the rent at the last moment? Provided that your answer is yes, I believe that you might be bothered by procrastination in a way. Currently, a growing number of individuals are suffering from procrastination. It is evaluated that more than 70 percentage college students have procrastination. In addition, in general population, there are also as high as 25 percentages people being affected by chronic procrastination. It is universally acknowledged that procrastination brings a series of unfavorable results to us. For one thing, people will suffer internal consequences, ranging from guilty to intense self-condemnation and despair. For another, they will also suffer great loss in social relationships, study and family. All signs indicate that procrastination is a giant hamper in our way to success. So why do we procrastinate? How to stop procrastination? The pursuit of perfection and the fear of failure. Quite a few people who procrastinate are afraid of being judged by others and found their disadvantages. They are afraid that they put forth their best efforts but still cant meet others requirements. So they procrastinate. In this way, if their results arent good enough, they can owe their failure to lack of time and their procrastination instead of their inability. Distraction. Some people are easy to be distracted to do other things, such as tidy the room and so on. Although they feel that they have done something meaningful and too hectic to complete their plans, as a matter of fact, they are reluctant or afraid to finish their plans, and other affairs that seem meaningful give them the excuse to escape. Time inconsistency. Generally speaking, objective time doesnt match with subjective time. This symptom has two causes. Some people think clock is of no great importance for the reason that it is inhumane, so they refuse to accept the objective time and insist on their own subjective time, which gives them an illusion that they can control time, others and even reality. The other peoplers subjective time is slower than objective time. When they set up to do something, it seems everything is plain sailing, but they will find that time is not enough gradually. According to the causes above all, my suggestions on how to solve them are as follows: In the first place, be confident in yourself and believe that you have the ability to come to the top. Whatrs more, not be afraid of failure and criticism from others. All of them will help to be better. Secondly, make a daily plan and write down what you have to do today. Only after you have terminated all of them can you do other things. The last but not least, reconcile with time and find out a reasonable time between your subjective time and objective time. It should be elastic and can range from objective time to subjective time, which means it can be accepted by you and others. Samuel has said: The folly of allowing ourselves to delay what we know cannot be finally escaped is one of moralists, and the remonstrance of reason, prevail to a greater or less degree in every mind. I expect what I have mentioned above can help you learn more about procrastination and alleviate your procrastination. References List: JAMES CLEAR (2018)A Scientific Guide on How to Stop Procrastinating.[online] Available at: https://jamesclear.com/procrastination[Accessed 2018]. Jane B. burka, PhD Lenora M. Yuen, PhD, 2008. Procrastination. Jayson DeMers (2018) The Surprising Link Between Procrastination and Threats to Your Health.[online] Available at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/313644[Accessed 21 May.2018].

The American Foreign Policy Changed Over Time - 1606 Words

The American foreign policy changed over time has reflected in its national interest. Foreign policy is a major issue for the people today is because after the terrorists attacked in Paris, they killed over a hundred people. Therefore, the United States wants to go start a war with terrorists in Isis. But Congress prevents the United States from going in war with Isis.They claim if they were start a war with Isis, it will promotes more terrorists in the country. Also, they said it would be better if the United States were to stay neutral and stay away from foreign affairs. Although, the country wasn’t entirely sure if it’s the right thing to ignore other countries’ problems while they are dealing with terrorists. It is the United States’ job and responsibility to intervene in countries and give them support against terrorists. There are times when the United States are stay in insolation, at first, but eventually they start invade in other countries. The y only invade in other countries while they might threaten their economic resources, industrial trade or businesses and the people. For an example, in World War I, when the British was fighting against the Axis Powers in Europe, they asked the United States to come join them, but they denied their request multiple times. The United States doesn’t want to be in the conflict or involved with war problems Thus, they ignored them most during World War I. But, in regards to the Germans had attacked the Lusitania shipShow MoreRelatedWeapons Of Mass Destruction Of Nuclear Weapons904 Words   |  4 PagesThe fear and controversy over weapons of mass destruction of nuclear weapons is still an uprising fear and subject in the heart of the American people, our allies, our enemies, and to the rest of the world who simply just knows of the presence. Soviet Russia started that fear in the 1960s, becoming the first large source of nuclear power and weapons (Cowley, 1996). 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Macbeth Lightness And Darkness - 988 Words

Emina Muratovic Mr. Tice Honors English 2 6 March 2017 Macbeth Essay: Lightness and Darkness Is the lightness and darkness combination, implemented by Shakespeare in the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, foreshadowing Macbeth’s downfall? As many can identify conspicuous examples of light and darkness through characterization, the play has many hidden foreshadowing signifiers. Although many overlook the imagery created through the light and darkness in Macbeth, Shakespeare places these examples strategically to make readers pay close attention to particular parts in the play. A passageway was created for Macbeth’s downfall not only through the characters Shakespeare has created such as Lady Macbeth and the witches, but also through nature.†¦show more content†¦They start to build up his confidence, and Macbeth fuels his hunger for ambition with his confidence. Macbeth truly believes that the witches have power way beyond control. Dialogue between the witches proves Macbeth’s sitch wrong when the witches actions sh ow that they cannot influence someone s free will: FIRST WITCH. A sailor’s wife had chestnuts in her lap, And munched, and munched, and munched. â€Å"Give me,† quoth I. â€Å"Aroint thee, witch!† the rump-fed runnion cries. Her husband’s to Aleppo gone, master o th Tiger; But in a sieve I’ll thither sail, And like a rat without a tail, I’ll do, I’ll do, and I’ll do. (I.III.4-11) Without the creation of the three witches by Shakespeare, Macbeth’s downfall would have happened more gradually, and possibly completely differently. The relationship Shakespeare created between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, and the characterization of Lady Macbeth brought about his downfall. Lady Macbeth sees herself differently than others see her; while she thinks highly of herself, others see her as hard to work with. In II.II.64-65, Lady Macbeth talks about herself, but it is more than opposite of how you can describe Lady Macbeth. She uses a heart so white to represent an innocent soul as well as light imagery to show weakness and fragility: â€Å"My hands are as red as yours, but I would be ashamed if my heart were as pale and weak.† Lady Macbeth does not want anyone to see what she will do, andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Imagery in Shakespeares Macbeth1052 Words   |  5 Pagesimagery? How does Shakespeare use imagery in Macbeth and his other plays? Imagery is when the audience uses their five senses while reading to create an image of what is being read in their head. Shakespeare uses imagery in the Tragedy of Macbeth and his other plays because it helps to connect the reader or audience to the characters of the play. Imagery draws a reader in and makes him experience or become a part of the character. When writing the play Macbeth, Shakespeare created an atmosphere aroundRead MoreEvil And Evil In Macbeth908 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeares play Macbeth, evil is the driving force that leads the play forward, and the main character Macbeth to his demise. The Three Witches have a significant role that determines the advancement of the play, the mood and setting, and symbolize many important ideas that pull the moral of the play together. The witches have a significant role in the play. The witches provide a level of dynamism that drives the plot of the play further when they plant the first seeds of ambition into Macbeth. Upon the

Strategy and Implementation Performance Management at Heinz

Questions: 1. How was Heinzs approach to performance management invalid in relation to Morettis job? Explain your answer in relation to significance of strategic performance management, appraisal and employee feedback in organizational context. 2.How was Heinzs approach towards employee performance management unreliable? Discuss your answer that relates employee performance management and its impact on strategic human resource management and organizational performances. 3.Identify the ways in which Heinzs employee performance management could be improved. As part of your answer, make sure you explain carefully how the company should implement your recommendations because so much of success in this area depends on the how of any strategy is implemented. Answers: Introduction The below report is an analysis on the Frank Moretti Vs. HJ Heinz Company Australia Ltd case where the performance management system of the Heinz company led to wrongly dismissing an employee. The report is divided into three sections with each one identifying the various aspects that effect the development of an efficient performance management system. Section 2 lists out four popular performance management frameworks long with few details on employee appraisal and employee feedback. Section 4 has details of a new performance management system that need to be implemented at Heinz to ensure issues do not arise. (1). Strategic Performance Management Every organization has a business strategy that is designed to reach the organizational goals. Certain steps, rules, guidelines are all made up as a part of this strategy and the same is implemented into the organization (De Waal, 2013). Most of these strategies in one way or the other look in the direction of improving companys productivity. However, the productivity of the company is heavily dependent on how its employees understand and pursue this strategy (Serban, 2013). Hence it is crucial for a company to make sure that the employee works in the right direction, putting in considerable amount of effort to reach the organizational goals. Strategic Performance Management is the perfect term to achieve this (Bento, 2014). Strategic Performance Management is a technique used to guide employees in reaching their zenith in performance, keeping their individual goals aligned to the organizational goals (Rothaermel, 2015). In simpler terms, the technique makes sure that every employee in the organization understands the strategies being used to reach the organizational goals and guides them to achieve their part of the overall goal. Performance management involves a proactive partnership between the employee and the management (Van Dooren, 2015). It is like a scorecard or a feedback highlighting where the employee has done well or where a need for improvement is required. This helps in motivating the employee and establishes a collaborative environment in the organization. There are several Strategic Performance Management tools used by several employers to gauge the overall performance of an employee or a team. Below listed are a few of the commonly used tools Management by Objectives Popularly known as MBO model, the Management by Objectives model aims at improving the performance of an employee by listing objectives for the employee (Mio, 2015). These objectives are usually defined after a discussion between the management and the employee. The objectives should consider the individuals idea of improvement and a way to enhance the employees personal career path, while being aligned to the organizational goals (Larsson, 2016). MBO has become considerable famous and is followed in majority of the organizations around the world. This is because the model makes the employees the center of discussion, motivates them to achieve better through a clearly define set of objectives. The best way to follow MBO is by setting S.M.A.R.T objectives (Smart, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Bound Objectives (Robins, 2014)). Balanced Scorecard This is another popular model that can be used to improve performance management in an organization. A simple table is designed that lists a set of tasks that needs to be completed by the employee and a goal for each of the same is defined (Grigoroudis, 2012). The actuals is then recorded and the performance of the employee is calculated by the difference. In case the difference is negative, necessary corrective interventions take place and in case of a positive difference the employee can be provided necessary appreciation identifying their work (Kaplan, 2014). Performance Prism This very efficient model believes that the involvement of stakeholders is highly necessary to design a strategy as ultimately the organizations productivity is measured based on the value delivered to the stakeholders (Yuanzhi, 2013). The below picture explains the various faces of the prism. The prism top and bottom are the stakeholder satisfaction and the stakeholders contribution, while the adjacent faces define the strategies, capabilities and processes that are to be used by the organization Figure 1: Performance Prism The stakeholders here include shareholders, employees, customers, distributors, suppliers and so on. Each of the five faces of the prism is considered when developing a measurement design. Stakeholder Satisfaction: Identifying the key stakeholders and their needs i. Strategies: Developing strategies to meet these needs ii. Processes: Developing processes to execute strategies iii. Capabilities: Assessing capabilities available to implement processes successfully iv. Stakeholder Contribution: Input from the stakeholder For effective performance management of employees the stakeholder who be the employee and the strategies, processes and capabilities are determined based on the needs of the employee and inputs provided by the employee (Striteska, 2012). Performance Management through KPIs Key Performance Indicators can play a major in performance management. The entire concept here is that KPIs for each individual employee are identified in realistic numbers to reach the vision of the organization. The employee is then provided with steps to reach the KPI (Parmenter, 2015). There are several actions that needs to be performed by the employee to reach each of these KPIs and buy completing each KPI the employee is one step closer to achieving the organizations goals. Determining the KPIs is critical and hence they are derived from vision. Figure 2: Reaching organization vision through KPIs The vision of the organization is defined and several strategies are designed to reach the vision. The strategies are made of objectives which are derived from the critical success factors of the organization. The KPIs are designed to reach these critical success factors (Smart, 2013). The above mentioned are only a few models and framework of performance management. There are several other models like value based model, result oriented approach and so on that are followed by various companies for strategic performance management. These models are designed based on the field in which the company works and what fits best to the organizational culture of the company. Several organizations often make use of integrated models that are a mix of two or more performance models to come up with a unique performance system that is suitable to the companys structure. Employee Appraisal Once a performance management system is designed the next step is to use this system for performance appraisal. Appraisal by definition is the act of assessing something or someone. The term employee performance appraisal is the process of assessing the performance of the employee based of the performance management system adopted by the organization (Martin, 2014). Appraisal processes happen periodically within an organization based on a pre-defined time line. Many organizations adopt a 6-month appraisal process to make sure that the employees are in track round the year. Say a company adopts the Balanced Scorecard model of performance management and performance appraisal for employees happen every January and June. In January the employee and management define the areas of measurement and the target to be reached. Over the next 6 months the employees actuals are tracked in the balance scorecard. In June, the Balanced Scorecard is used to assess the difference between the target and actuals to understand the performance of the employee. In case the employees performance is low, corrective interventions are suggested and the same can also be included as a part of the Balance Scorecard that is define for June to December (Sumelius, 2014). The data for performance appraisal can be collected in several ways. In case of target based companies a direct objective production method can be used, where the targets achieved by the employees determine the actuals. Some companies prefer a much more complex system for collecting employee performance data. Apart from simple target based system, behavioral traits are also considered (alkov, 2013). Employees are also rated based on their leadership skills, ownership capability, responsibility, customer satisfaction and so on. In some companies self-assessment and peer assessment along with management assessment is made to rate an employee while in some the performance of employees who belong to the same level are compared and rated based on the best performing employee. Hence there can be several ways to collect data of the employee. Again the method adopted significantly depends on the work the employee is assigned (Farndale, 2013). Employee Feedback Employee feedback is crucial factor in determining how well a performance management system works as they the ultimate end users of this system. Several performance management systems such as the performance prism consider the feedback of an employee as a key in understanding what improvements need to be done to the performance development plan of the employee and also how the management has helped the employee with their previous plans (Gregory, 2012). Employee feedback enables a collaborative environment in the organization. It is only through effective communication an organizations management can identify where it is lacking and where improvements are required. Why is Heinz approach invalid The reason for Heinz management model to be invalid is because the employee involvement in the employees plan is almost zero. The organization has no collaboration. The communication in the organization is one way where the senior management has just informed the employee that his performance needs to be improved and hence he has to follow the performance plan. Not only that, the one way communication also unfortunately did not brief what aspects that would have to be worked on. The employee was asked to sign up for the plan without having no details about it. It is quite obvious that the employee refused to follow the plan as he had no idea what are the objectives of this plan. Also, the idea of rating the entire employee force same symbolizes the lack of individual appreciation. This approach lacks the one factor that plays the most efficient role in improving an employees performance that is motivation. The approach in reality demotivates employee, clouding the employees knowledge. A performance model that is unclear, demotivating and closed for communication is bound to fails (2). One of the key areas that is impacted by performance management is the strategic human resource management of the company. Human resource management is an extremely familiar term in any organizations as this is the function that recruits, trains, deploys and rewards employees. Strategic HRM (SHRM) is the process of involving and aligning HRM functions with the strategies being implemented to realize the organizational goals (van, 2014). The primary goal of SHRM is to increase the productivity of an employee and use them as efficient resources in fulfilling the companys goals. Performance Management and SHRM are closely related to each other. It is the responsibility of the HR team to ensure that an environment that increases the productivity of an employee is created within the organization. They need to provide a sense of direction and generate skilled and motivated employees. A productive employee leads to a productive organization Gaining an employees trust is crucial for the HR management. This has failed in case of Heinz. The lack of communication and employee feedback has not only affected the performance of employees but also led to legal cases that the HR and legal teams were answerable. The employee performance management at Heinz was unreliable as they have rated the entire workforce the same rating. This means that individual assessment has either not been performed or was wrongly performed. Also, the employees were not communicated with the objectives of the performance management plan. Since, the employees are the one that are subjected to the plan, expecting them to follow something that is unclear leads to problems. The objectives has to be first discussed with the employees and the consent of the employees has to be taken before implementing a performance management plan. For the plan to actually succeed it in necessary to help an employee understand why the plan has been designed. Since there was no communication of any kind between the management and the employee, the performance management plan has become unreliable (3). A new performance management system has to be implemented in Heinz to include employee feedback and their aspirations as a part of the performance assessment criteria. The below diagram is a simple flow of the various stages that needs to be involved as a part of performance management at Heinz. Figure 3: Performance Management Process to be adopted by Heinz Step1: Management and employee collaboration to identify goals: Heinz Management has to list down the goals of the organization, understand what it is that they want to work on and how the employee under review can help with reaching these goals. Once they are identified S.M.A.R.T objectives are to be defined for the employees (Rolstadas, 2012). The ultimate goal of these objectives is to contribute to the organizational goals. However, the objectives also have employees aspirations in regard and hence include training and development program that enhance an employees professional background. Step 2: Performance planning to reach targets: After defining the goals, a plan on how to achieve the same has to be developed. Employee and the management comes to terms with the targets to be set for the employees and the time frame to achieve the same. Behavioral aspects are also given importance and a certain weightage is dedicated to them. This helps the employee to stay motivated to develop not just technical skills but also inter-personal skills. A clear plan is laid out to guide the employee on the actions that need to be done during the entire period considered for evaluation Step 3: Ongoing feedback: It is only after a person starts working the negative impacts of the actions actually come into focus (Mone, 2014). From a managerial point of view for a sales man to sell ten bottles of Heinz product in a day may not seem like a challenge. However, say the salesman is deployed in an area that is below poverty line and the number of people who but Heinz ketchup by bottles are close to zero, selling even a single product would be challenging. Hence, ongoing feedback is a necessity to make sure that any midterm glitches faced by employees are fixed without waiting from them to come up only during a performance review. Feedback has to be continuous part of Heinz organizational culture to understand how the performance management system is helping the employees and what changes are required to be done to prevent the occurrence of a major setback. Step 4: Performance Evaluation: Once the set period is completed, the performance of the employee is to be reviewed. The performance data is to be collected through self-assessment done by the employee, assessment of the employee performance through two peers and assessment of the employee by the manager. Four different people are to rate the employees performance and each once opinion is given a certain amount of weightage. All the employees involved in the rating should provide a justification for their rating. The manager has the maximum weightage. However, assessing the employee would be easier when the manager has feedback from various sources Step 5: Performance Review: Once the evaluation is done by the manager, a review of the same is done along with the employee to make sure that the employee understands where they lag or outperform. Defining the areas of improvement will be the useful to set up goals for the next period (Pollitt, 2013). Step 6: Corrective Interventions: In case of setbacks it is necessary to develop a training plan or other corrective interventions that would help the employee improve performance is the area they lag. The above steps have to be performed twice a year and the plans have to continuously evolve. Conclusion A performance system plays a key role in increasing the productivity of any company. Employees are the major stakeholders in a company and hence developing a performance management systems that contributes to individual development of an employee aligning the needs of the employee to the organizational goals is crucial for the development of the company. References Bento, A., Bento, R. and White, L.F., 2014. Strategic performance management systems: Impact on business results. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 54(3), pp.25-33. De Waal, A., 2013. Strategic Performance Management: A managerial and behavioral approach. Palgrave Macmillan. Farndale, E. and Kelliher, C., 2013. Implementing performance appraisal: Exploring the employee experience. Human Resource Management, 52(6), pp.879-897. Gregory, J.B. and Levy, P.E., 2012. Employee feedback orientation: Implications for effective coaching relationships. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 5(2), pp.86-99. Grigoroudis, E., Orfanoudaki, E. and Zopounidis, C., 2012. Strategic performance measurement in a healthcare organisation: A multiple criteria approach based on balanced scorecard. Omega, 40(1), pp.104-119. Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D., 2014. P.(1993). Putting the Balanced Scorecard to Work. Harvard business review, 5(71), pp.134-142. Kaufman, B.E., 2015. Evolution of strategic HRM as seen through two founding books: A 30th anniversary perspective on development of the field. Human Resource Management, 54(3), pp.389-407. Larsson, M. and Hanberger, A., 2016. Evaluation in management by objectives: A critical analysis of Swedens national environmental quality objectives system. Evaluation, 22(2), pp.190-208. Martin, J. and Van Tien, N., 2014, July. A Framework for Employee Appraisal in Services. An Experiment in a Vietnamese Bank. In Toulon-Verona Conference" Excellence in Services". Mio, C., Venturelli, A. and Leopizzi, R., 2015. Management by objectives and corporate social responsibility disclosure: First results from Italy. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 28(3), pp.325-364. Mone, E.M. and London, M., 2014. Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge. Parmenter, D., 2015. Key performance indicators: developing, implementing, and using winning KPIs. John Wiley Sons. Pollitt, C., 2013. The logics of performance management. Evaluation, 19(4), pp.346-363. Robins, E., 2014. An Instructional Approach to Writing SMART Goals. Rolstadas, A. ed., 2012. Performance management: A business process benchmarking approach. Springer Science Business Media. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015. Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. alkov, A., 2013. Theoretical approaches to employee appraisal methods. Scientific papers of the University of Pardubice. Series D, Faculty of Economics and Administration. 28 (3/2013). Serban, D.C., 2013, November. STRATEGIC PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS A TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE. In International Conference on Management and Industrial Engineering (No. 6, p. 332). Niculescu Publishing House. Smart, A. and Creelman, J., 2013. Managing Performance. In Risk-Based Performance Management (pp. 137-166). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Striteska, M. and Spickova, M., 2012. Review and comparison of performance measurement systems. Journal of Organizational Management Studies, 2012, p.1. Sumelius, J., Bjrkman, I., Ehrnrooth, M., Mkel, K. and Smale, A., 2014. What Determines Employee Perceptions of HRM Process Features? The Case of Performance Appraisal in MNC Subsidiaries. Human Resource Management, 53(4), pp.569-592. van de Voorde, K. and Boxall, P., 2014. Individual well-being and performance at work in the wider context of strategic HRM. Well-being and Performance at Work: The Role of Context, p.95. Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G. and Halligan, J., 2015. Performance management in the public sector. Routledge. Yuanzhi, L., 2013. Research on the Digital Library Service Performance Prism Evaluation Model. Information Studies: Theory Application, 12, p.021.

Workplace Issues free essay sample

What problems have you identified during your clinical experiences that could be considered issues to be addressed using CQI? One of the biggest problems I’ve seen during my clinical experiences is carelessness with medications. The majority of nurses that I’ve encountered during clinical do not bother checking the patient’s I. D. band or allergies when administering medications. I’ve also seen many nurses who check the medication against the MAR only once before giving the medication. Another medication issue I’ve observed is nurses leaving medications unattended.There have been several times where Ive seen medications left on the nursing station counter or even in patients’ rooms. Any of these actions could result in serious medication errors and significant harm to the patient. Infection control is another problem that I’ve observed during my time in clinical. There have been many times where I saw a nurse enter the room of a patient on contact precautions and put on gloves but no gown, or vice versa. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Issues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of the nurses go into the rooms to â€Å"check something real quick† but then end up accidentally touching something.This is a huge problem as the nurse could have come in contact with a contaminated surface, and then spread it to other patients, staff, or visitors at the hospital. This is also an issue of concern because I believe that nurses should always be mindful and setting an example for the patient’s visitors. If a family member sees that a nurse does not don the proper protective wear when entering the room, he or she may think that it’s unnecessary and not bother to do so, either.

ED510 Concepts of Internal External Validity Essays

ED510 Concepts of Internal External Validity Essays ED510 Concepts of Internal External Validity Paper ED510 Concepts of Internal External Validity Paper Internal Validity The ability to control the extraneous variables on the dependent variable. Anytime there are alternative explanations for the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, internal validity is threatened. External Validity The ability to generalize the study results to other groups and settings beyond those in the current experiment. Research that can be generalized will have more practical value. Threats to Internal Validity Extraneous factors that allow for alternative explanations as to what caused the given effect on the dependent variable. History Effect A threat to internal validity when events occur between the pretest and posttest of an experiment that could affect participants in such as way as to impact the dependent variable (stress, illness, etc). What can a researcher do? Use a control group that has not been effected or mildly effected by the even. Control Group A group of participants exactly like the treatment group in every way possible except that they receive no treatment. Experimental Group The group receiving the treatment. Maturation Effect Occurs when there are changes seen in subjects because of the time that has elapsed since the study began and which may not be the result of of any program effects. Most common in children being studied. What can a researcher do? Use a control group. Testing In many types of research it is necessary to pretest participants to establish a baseline of the dependent variable. The pretest is usually compared to the posttest measurement to determine the effectiveness of a treatment. However, by being tested, participants may become test wise. Any differences seen from the basline to the posttest may be form testing effects. What can a researcher do? Use a control group that does not receive any pretesting. Test Wise By testing, participants may learn how to do better on the test next time they take it. Instrumentation Instrumentation used to collect data can cause threats to internal validity where measurements are not accurate or procedures are not standardized. What can a researcher do? Use a well designed instrument that accurately measures what it is supposed to measure. Selection Bias Anytime individuals are selected in a non: A study on a new health site, it is probably that those who choose to participate are interested in health. What can a researcher do? Although this cannot be completely countered, recruiting volunteers and then randomly assigning them is better than allowing them to self-select a group. Also, matching them on selected characteristics and then randomly assigning them can help. Finally, pretesting groups on measures of the dependent variable to make sure there are no pretreatment differences between groups can help. Selection Maturation Effect A combination of selection bias and maturation effect. This occurs when using intact groups that vary in their maturation level. What can a researcher do? Pretesting and/or prescreening groups on maturity levels. Statistical Regression Occurs when participants are selected on the basis of their extremely high or low scores. If these same participants were administered the same instrument again, the tendency would be for those who scored extremely high on the first test to score lower on the second test and vice versa. What can a researcher do? The study could be designed to follow a random sample of individuals representing a full range of scores rather than placing participants in high and low groups based on one testing. Mortality/Attrition It is common to lose participants over the course of a study. In longitudinal studies, some may die; in others, some will drop out or move without leaving contact information. This creates a mortality effect. Loss of subjects hurts the validity of comparisons. What can a researcher do? Provide incentive for participants. Hawthorne Effect When participants attitudes toward being involved in a study affect the way they behave. ; What can a researcher do? Try to provide the control group with some special treatment that is comparable to the experimental group but would not have direct impact on the independent variable. Also, keep participants from knowing that htye are taking part in a study or being observed. ; ; Placebo Effect Effects caused by participants expectations rather than the actual treatment. What can a researcher do? Use a blind or double-blind study. Also, ensure that those in both the control and experimental groups receive the same information so that both groups have similar expectations. Lastly, give both groups as little information as possible to evade expectations. Diffusion Treatment The Diffusion effect occurs when the treatment being applied to one group spills over or contaminates another group. What can a researcher do? Use control/experimental groups that live separately from each other. Urge participants to keep personal effects of the treatment confidential until the end. Location Location effect occurs when there are differences in the locations where interventions take place. What can a researcher do? Make the locations the same for all participants. If thats not possible, the researcher should try and minimize location differences that affect the dependent variable. ; ; Implementation Incolges the individual or individuals responsible for implementing the experimental treatment and the possibility that they may inadvertently introduce inequality or bias into the study. ; What can a researcher do? Make sure all persons responsible for implementing the program are equally trained and competent, and following standardized protocol. Another way is to have somone other than the program developer present the program. Lastly, internal validity can be controlled by having a neutral observer watch the presenter. ; ; Threats to Internal Validity Extraneous factors that threat the ability to generalize the findings to the population. ; ; Selection Treatment Interaction Concerns the ability of the researcher to generalize the results of a study beyond the groups involved in the study. ; What can a researcher do? Random selection from a population to form a study population. ; ; Setting Treatment Interaction Concerns the extent to which the environmental conditions or setting under which an experimental study was conducted can be duplicated in other settings. ; What can a researcher do? Consider differences in backgrounds of different populations as well as the settings they are given the study. ; ; History Treatment Interaction This develops when the researcher tries to generalize findings to past and future situations. Some experiements may be time sensitive and not produce similar results if conducted earlier or later. ; What can a researcher do? Take into consideration effects of timing, and adjust the study accordingly. ; ; Increasing Internal ; External Validity Maximize Internal Validity by using the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). This analysis equalizes many initial differences that might exist between groups. ; Maximize External Validity by carefully considering what groups can one legitimately generalize to. Also, always duplicate a setting and historical factors as nearly as possible when replicating a study with a different population. ; ; REMEMBER External Validity CANNOT exist without Internal Validity! ; Researchers should always be concerned about ensuring Internal Validity before trying to establish External Validity!

The Cultural Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Cultural Anthropology - Essay Example It is partly due to the very reality that physical anthropology studies physical changes humans have experienced with the passage of time, while cultural anthropology examines the alterations humans have observed in their social life by adopting different changes according to their needs in order to survive under the always transforming conditions and circumstances all around them for the future years to come. Although sharing several commonalities with biology, physics, and environmental sciences, cultural anthropology also seeks close proximity with history, sociology and political science in nature, scope, and approach. Somehow, approach to analyze historical events focuses upon estimating the life patterns of the ruling class, including the kings and queens, their rise and fall, involvement in wars and expeditions and causes, incidents, effects and impacts of their rule and ultimate downfall at the hands of their fate or opponents. Historical events are estimated with the help of the available records including the coins, written documents, chronicles, biographies and the literature of the era under analysis. Somehow, it does not mean that the historians neglect the activities of the masses and common people altogether. On the contrary, these cultural aspects are also taken into account by the historians, though the particular focus remains in the examination of the activities attributed to the royalty and elite stratum of that society. Cultural anthropological approach concentrates upon fossil remains and archaeological records in order to estimate the nature and magnitude of transformations humans have witnessed during the course of time. It is of the opinion that human societies have reached the present state of affairs after making a long and continuous struggle for their survival by adopting imperative alterations in almost all parts of their present physical form. They witnessed tremendous growth and remarkable advancements in all fields including mod es of expressions and communication i.e. language, as well as in religious practices, economic developments, technological revolution, socio-political advancements and much more. It also discusses the cultural traits and patterns of collective behavioral life including folklore, dance, music, faith, marriage and sex and much more. It is by dint of the astonishing advancements made by man that humans are leading comparatively more comfortable and luxurious life in comparison with their ancestors. Another major divergence while studying both history and cultural anthropology, it becomes evident that the former evaluates the politics, legal framework, conspiracies and intrigues, and internal conflicts and revolts and external threats as well faced by the rulers; on the contrary, the latter draws out social norms, cultural values, religious cults, traditions, customs, conventions, taboo, folklore and belief system observed by the people. Hence, cultural anthropology lays stress upon lan guage and dresses, sexual behavior and gender identity, magic and marriage systems, economic activities and means of earning, and collective behavior of the individuals in their social, economic, political and cultural activities.

Global marketing 1 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global marketing 1 - Article Example ike enterprise control rights are egalitarian, enterprise income rights are also democratic in nature which is distributed to all the members of the market socialist community. An apt example of a market socialist economy is China where most of the employment and foreign funds are provided by state-owned firms. However, under market capitalism, less of government intervention is called for as compared to market socialism and thus it is more of privately held management community. Thus, both the control and income rights are conferred on members as per their ownership and shares held. The United States of America is a market capitalist economy and in fact, every developing nation adopts capitalist model. In layman terms, a centrally planned economy is one where decisions are taken by state or government and businesses have little or no say in this matter. However, major difference between market and centrally planned economies is that while the former is more economic focused the latter is largely political with socialist or communist viewpoints. Soviet Union is one of the centrally planned economies (Knes n.d). High and low context applies in cross cultural business management and negotiation styles. Theoretically, low context cultures are characterized by more explicit and literal meaning cues. On the contrary, high context cultures are implicit and focus more on non-verbal signs. High context cultures believe that people know what has to be done and thought of because high context cultures have long periods of associations and relations. They believe in less of formal writing or speaking of words. Thus, informal activities like social gatherings, partying, congregations and personal relationships are the essence of high context culture (Culture at Work n.d). China and France exhibit features of high context culture where people share very specific information with others members and most of the people understand what the speaker tends to convey. In low

Organizational Changes within the National Health Service Essay Example for Free

Organizational Changes within the National Health Service Essay 1. Discuss and debate the organizational changes within the National Health Service and examine how these have influenced care delivery. At the start of the NHS, a mediation model of management subsisted where the role of the manager facilitated health care professionals to care for the patient. Medical staffs were extremely influential and controlling in determining the shape of the service, at the same time as managers were imprudent and focused on managing internal organizational issues (Harrison et al. 1992). After the 1979 general election, there was originally little change to the National Health Service (Klein 1983). Though, poor economic growth, together with growing public expenditure, slowly brought about changes. Influenced by the New Right ideologies, a more interventionist, practical, style of management in the health service emerged. This efficiently changed the role of managers from one of imprudent scapegoats for existing problems, to agents of the government (Flynn 1992). Managers became the means by which government control over NHS spending was increased (Harrison and Pollitt 1994). The impulsion for this change arose from the 1983 Griffiths report (NHS Executive 1983), an assessment by the government health advisor, Sir Roy Griffiths. Within this report, four specific problem areas were recognized: the limited management influence over the clinical professions; a managerial stress on reactivity to problems; the significance placed on managing the status quo; and a culture of producer, not consumer, orientation (Harrison et al. 1992). The power of the Griffiths Report (op. cit.) was to challenge and limit medicines sovereignty in the health service, and over health care resources. certainly, nurses were simply referred to twice throughout the document. Through its attention on organizational dynamics and not structure, the Griffiths Report proposed main change to the health service. General Managers were initiated at all levels of the NHS. In spite of Griffiths original intention that it was simply cultural adjustment that was required, there were instantaneous and considerable structural and organizational changes in the health service (Robinson et al. 1989). Post-Griffiths there were escalating demands for value for money in the health service (DoH 1989). Efforts to extend managerial control over professional autonomy and behavior so continued throughout this intense period of change, and terminated with the NHS and Community Care Act (DoH 1990). From the re-organizations that taken place during this period, the NHS was rationalized to conform more intimately to the model of free enterprise in the private sector. This reformation was shaped by the belief that greater competence could be stimulated through the formation of an internal and competitive market. The belief that the health service was a distinguishing organization was disputed. The principles of economic rationality linked with business organizations were applied extensive to the operation of health service. The services requisite were determined, negotiated, and agreed by purchasers and providers through a funding and constricting mechanism. In this, trust hospitals and Directly Managed Units supplied health care provision for District and General Practitioner fund holders. There has since been a further shift in the purchaser base from health authorities to local commissioning through primary care groups and, more lately, through the Shifting the Balance of Power: The Next Steps policy document (DoH 2001b), to Primary Care Trusts. Through such recognized relationships, purchasers have turn out to be commissioners of services and the idea of the internal market has become the managed market that recognizes the more long-term planning of services that is required. Rhetoric of organization and health improvement underpins service agreements now made. The NHS is not simply a technical institution for the delivery of care, but as well a political institution where the practice of health care and the roles of health care practitioners imitate the authority base within society. The hospital organizational structure is an influential determinant of social identity, and thus affects health care roles and responsibilities. Though, through the health care reforms the medical staff and, to a lesser degree the managers, appeared to be defense from the introduction of general management into the health service. This has resulted in health service delivery remaining stoutly located within a medical model, and medical domination unchallenged (Mechanic 1991). It is the less authoritative occupational groups, including nursing, that have felt the major impact of such reforms. The NHS organizational changes aimed to convey leadership, value for money, and professional responsibility to managers at all level of the health service. These alterations were intended to reverse the organizational inertia that was limiting growth and efficiency in the system. Though originally aiming a positive impact on the service, these radical ideologies led to tension at the manager-health care professional boundary (Owens and Glennerster 1990). The prologue of the internal market in the NHS meant to present a more neutral and competent way of allocating resources, through rationalization and depersonalization. The new era of managerially claimed to be a changing force opposing customary health professional power (Newman and Clarke 1994), and persuasive professionals to offer to organizational objectives (Macara 1996). The contradictory models of health care held by managers and health care workers improved ambiguity over areas of responsibility and decision making, somewhat than clarity as anticipated (Owens and Glennerster 1990). The contending ideologies and tribalism between the health care groups were more unequivocally revealed. The introduction of markets to health care exposed a dichotomy for health care professionals. Medical and nursing staffs were requisite to report to better managerial officials, yet reveal professional commitment to a collegial peer group. This was challenging, mainly for medical staff that understood medical influence and the independence of medical practice, but did not recognize managerial ability. In many of the commentaries addressing this, the majority pragmatic resolution to addressing this situation was to distinguish that professional independence exists but together with, and limited, by managerial and decision-making control. The Griffiths Report (NHS Management Executive 1983) considered the doctor as the natural manager and endeavored to engage medicine with the general management culture through the resource management inventiveness. This requisite medicine to clinch the managerial values of collaboration, team work and collective attainment through the configuration of clinical management teams: the clinical directorate. On the contrary such working attitudes were in direct contrast to medicines principles of maximizing rather than optimizing, and of autonomy not interdependence. It is fascinating that even in todays health care environment; there have been sustained observations that medical staffs do not supervise resources or clinical staff in an idealistic way. in spite of this, there has been little effort to undertake a methodical and broad review of the organization of medical work. This is in direct distinction to the experience of nurses, whose working practices and standards persist to be cr itiqued by all. Early on attempts made by managers to bound medical authority led to doctors adopting countervailing practices so as to remain independent and avoid organizational authority. Such practices, taken to keep their clinical independence, included unrestricted behaviors in admitting patients or deciding on explicit patient treatments (Harrison and Bruscini 1995). These behaviors rendered it hard for managers to intrude on medical practice, and therefore restricted the impact of the health care reforms. Immediately post-Griffiths there was some proof that introduction of general managers had, to a small extent, influenced medical practices. Green and Armstrong (1993) undertook a study on bed management in nine London hospitals. In this study, it was established how the work of managerial bed managers was capable to influence throughput of patients, admission and operating lists, thereby ultimately affecting the work of medicine. however, attempts made by managers to organize medicine were self-limiting. Health care managers were not a colossal, ideologically homogeneous group and lacked a strong consistent power base (Harrison and Pollitt 1994). Managers did not fulfill their remit of exigent the medical position in the health service and evade the responsibility for implementing repulsive and difficult decisions (Harrison and Pollitt op. cit.). The management capability of medicine persists to be challenged by government initiatives including the overture of clinical governance (DoH 1997). In this, the Chief Executives of trusts are held responsible for the quality of clinical care delivered by the whole workforce. An optimistic impact of this transform may be to provide opportunity for an incorporated organization with all team members, representing an interdependent admiration of health care (Marnoch and Ross 1998). on the other hand, it might be viewed as simply a structural change to increase the recognized ability of the Chief Executive over the traditional authority of medical staff: a further effort to make in-roads into the medical power base. Current years have demonstrated sustained commitment from the government towards modernizing health care (DoH 2000b). This has integrated challenging conventional working patterns and clinical roles across clinical specialties and disciplines. certainly medicine has received improved public and government scrutiny over current years. This has resulted in a shift of approach from within and outside the medical profession. The accomplishment of challenging the agenda for change in health care will be part-determined by medicines capability to further flex its own boundaries, and respond to the developing proficiency of others. 2. Identify and critically explore the changing role of the nurse, within the multi disciplinary team, examining legal, ethical and professional implications. The impact on nurses of the post-Griffiths health service configuration has not been so inconsequential. Empirical work has demonstrated that execution of the Griffiths recommendations led to the removal of the nursing management structure. This efficiently limited senior nurses to simply operational roles (Keen and Malby 1992). The implementation of the clinical directorate structure, with consultants having managerial accountability over nursing, further reduced nursings capability to effect change. Prior to 1984, budgetary control for nursing place with the profession. The 1984 reorganization distant nursing from nursings own control and placed it decisively under the new general managers (Robinson and Strong 1987, p. 5). As the notions of cost inhibition and erudite consumers were promoted, audit and accounting practices assumed a significant position in the health service. It was nurses who, encompassing a considerable percentage of the total workforce and linked staffing budget, found themselves targets for public and government analysis. Nursing maintained some strategic management functions within the new management structures, but these tasks were mostly limited to areas within the professional nursing domain. Nurses have been seen as pricey and potentially upsetting factors of production: channels through which costs can be lessened and administration functions can be absorbed (Ackroyd 1996). Caught in the crossfire of managerial changes that were originally targeted at medicine, nursing has been placed subordinate to management (Robinson and Strong 1987). In spite of debates on the impact of health care changes, there is consent on one issue. The structural and organizational changes in the NHS since 1991 have re-fashioned unit management teams and unit management responsibilities. This has resulted in the improved involvement of these teams in the stipulation of the service. It has required a diverse way of thinking about health care and new relationships between clinicians and managers to be developed (Owens and Glennerster 1990). The nineties are set to become a vital period in changing the ways in which health care is delivered, not just in terms of the potential re-demarcation of occupational boundaries between health care occupations, but as well in terms of the broader political, economic and organizational changes presently taking place in the NHS. It is asserted that traditional demarcations between doctors and nurses, seen as based on ever more unsustainable distinctions between cure and care, are becoming blurred and that the new nursing causes a threat to the supremacy of the medical profession within health care (Beardshaw and Robinson 1990). though, there is an element of wishful thinking about this and, indeed, Beardshaw and Robinson (1990) rage their optimism with an identification of the continued reality of medical dominance. They see the threat to medical supremacy as one of the most problematical aspects of the new nursing, largely as claims to a unique therapeutic role for nursing must essentially involve a reassessment of patient care relative to cure. In Beardshaw and Robinsons view, the degree to which doctors will be willing to exchange their conventional handmaidens for true clinical partners, or even substitutes, is one of the most significant questions posed by the new nursing. In the wake of the Cumberlege Report on Community Nursing (DHSS 1986) and World Health Organization directions concerning precautionary health care, there appeared the very real view of the substitution of nurses for doctors in definite clinical areas-particularly primary care in the community, through nurses creating a central role in health encouragement, screening, counseling and routine treatment work in some GP practices (Beardshaw and Robinson 1990). Though, a current evaluation of the impact of present reforms in the NHS on the role of the nurse in primary care is more distrustful concerning the future shape of the community nursing role. If the way to determine the extent of nurses challenge to medicine is in terms of the conflict it provokes, then there positively is proof of medical resistance to recent developments in nursing. Doctors reaction to the Cumberlege Report on neighborhood nursing (DHSS 1986), which suggested the appointment of nurse practitioners, revealed that there were doctors who strongly resisted the initiative of nurses acting autonomously (Delamothe 1988). On the other hand, the General Medical Services Committee and the Royal College of Nursing agreed that decisions concerning appropriate treatment are in practice not always made by the patients general practitioner and recognized that nurses working in the community are effectively prescribes of treatment (British Medical Journal 1988:226). Discussions relating to the proper arrangements desired to hold the prescription of drugs by nurses are taking place, on the grounds that nurse prescribing raises issues linking to the legal and professional status of both the nursing and the medical professions (British Medical Journal 1988:226). This suggests that renegotiations relating to the spheres of competence of doctors and nurses are on the agenda. None the less, the General Medical Council (1992) Guidelines remain indistinct on nurse prescribing and other forms of delegation of tasks under medical privilege to nurses, stating that it has no desire to hold back delegation, but warning that doctors must be satisfied concerning the competence of the person to whom they are delegated, and insisting that doctors should retain eventual responsibility for the patients, as improper delegation renders a doctor liable to disciplinary proceedings. Renegotiations around the division of responsibilities between doctors and nurses are taking place very carefully and to a large extent on a rather extemporized basis, given the volume of letters requesting advice and clarification received from GPs by the General Medical Council. The focus in much of the nursing literature seems to be on the challenge of the new nursing to the old nursing posed by nursing reform, somewhat than on the challenge to medicine. One doctor (Mitchell 1984) has complained in the pages of the British Medical Journal that doctors have not been told what the nursing process is about. Paradoxically, the nursing process is in fact derived from the work of an American doctor, Lawrence Weed, who pioneered the problem-oriented record for hospitals in 1969. This changed the way in which patient information was collected and stored by instituting one single record to which all health professionals given. Though the nursing process, which was part of this innovation, crossed the Atlantic to Britain, the problem-oriented record did not. Mitchell (1984) has argued that the medical profession must oppose the nursing process and give it a rough ride on the grounds that medical knowledge should precede nursing plans to remedy the deficiencies of living activities which are, he insists, consequential upon the cause and clinical course of disease. He also accuses nurses of enabling a pernicious dichotomy between cure and care, relegating the doctor to disease and inspiring the nurse to the holistic care of the individual, and suspects that the nursing process is less a system of rationalizing the delivery of care than a means of elevating nurses status and securing autonomy from medical supremacy.

Scarlet Letter :: Free Essay Writer

Scarlet Letter Through out the Scarlet Letter I believe that Hester and Dimmesdale do redeem themselves. I am led to think this for Three major reasons. The first being that the sin is between man and God. In my beliefs they do not have to repent to the people for they have not sinned against them. My second reason for my opinion is that both Hester and especially Dimmesdale feel bad in their hearts for what they have done. The third and final reason is that for every crime I feel that there should be an equal or greater punishment for the crime. Both of the two pay more than what is fair for the crime they committed. Sin is between man and God. Being Lutheran this is a belief of mine that I live by. I believe this for when you sin it is God’s heart you are breaking, there for you must repent to him not the people. Hester does this all through out the book. She takes the scarlet letter as a personal ignominious burden. Hester carries the shame of the A in her heart. Much deeper than just on the outside or in public. By this she shows that she is sorrowed in her heart, which in my opinion means she is repenting to God. It is very easy to see Dimmesdale’s shame and repentance in every action he carries out through out the book. Dimmesdale talks of how hard it is to preach to a congregation and save souls when his is polluted. In every action he does he feels bad for the crime he has committed and it shows with his health. For not being able to obtain peace of mind he looses sleep and proper nourishment and eventually his health for a very long period of time. When one can not obtain peace of mind in my opinion it is because ninety-nine percent of the time something is on their conscious. A conscious was God given meaning that there for Dimmesdale is constantly feeling bad begging for forgiveness from God. God is very forgiving and it is written that Jesus died on the cross to cleanse us of our sins. My interpretation of this means to me that Dimmesdale repenting with his whole heart will be forgiven. If one is inline with God I feel that they are redeemed. There are cases in the bible where it says if one is to sin against the people or the church then he must confess in front of those he

Who do you think was the most important figure in Russian history – Lenin or Stalin?

Both leaders play important roles in the Russian history. Lenin gave birth to Communism in Russia and helped it survive during its first critical years. He set up a one-party rule, his style of leadership was borrowed with only slight alterations by six consecutive leaders and command economy with Communism lasted till 1991. Stalin continued along Lenin's way, but took Russia more into ‘extremes'. Out of the backward Russia he created an influential and industrialised totalitarian state feared by the West. He expanded the Soviet Unions' borders up to Eastern Europe and helped in the spread of Communism right 100 km from the most dominant capitalist state, the USA. He introduced Collectivisation, helped Russia win the 2nd World War, but at the same time killed millions of people, most of them during the Purges. But could all this have happened without Lenin? It is possible that without Lenin Communism would have never emerged in Russia. If he wouldn't have returned from Finland twice, first to raise the Bolshevik's popularity – from a barely known Party to the third most influential one – and the second time to persuade other fellow party members to seize power, then the Bolsheviks might have never won enough support or might have failed to seize the right moment for the overthrow of the Provisional Government. Considering that Communism lasted for more than 70 year in Russia, his importance in the Russian history seems to be enormous. Furthermore, Lenin helped Communism to survive in perhaps the most critical times of a new regime: right after it has been set up. He closed down the Constituent Assembly and made peace with Germany so he can concentrate on Russia's internal affairs. During the Civil War in 1918 he made some very tactful decisions, like letting Trotsky to lead the Red Army and introducing War Communism to supply the soldiers. From all these, we can easily see that Lenin's role in the set up of Communism is absolutely crucial, making him a very important figure in the Russian history. Stalin had a huge impact on Russia as well. After emerging as the new ruler in 1922, he had great plans for Russia, which mostly were fulfilled. He industrialised Russia at an incredible pace and introduced Collectivisation. Both of these new reforms were carried out by 5 of his successors. However, Lenin was the one who first introduced a state planned economy, and quite a strict one, especially during the Civil War. Therefore Stalin's ideas were ‘ borrowed' from Lenin, proving that without Lenin Stalin might have never introduced the same reforms and thus have the impact that it created. Stalin had a great importance in Russia's history because he expanded greatly the boundaries of the country so they included 5 whole countries from Eastern Europe and the Baltic Countries up till 1990. With this he managed to increase the hostility between Russia and Western Capitalist Countries, who felt threatened by the rapidly expanding Communism throughout the world. Thus it can be seen that Stalin played an important role in the Cold War, especially in the early stages. However, this rivalry between Communist and Capitalist countries was commenced by Lenin, who with his idea of ‘Permanent Revolution' induced fear in the mind of the capitalist countries' leaders. Also during the Russian Civil war in 1918, the Red Army fought against foreign troops as well, who were trying to restore the old Tsarist rule. Therefore Stalin didn't start the rivalry between Capitalists and Russia (Communists); he simply carried on what Lenin started a longer time ago. During the 1930s Stalin began the Cult of Personality, when all types of media and communication glorified Stalin and the achievements of the USSR as an influential Communist power. The result of these was that many generation's minds were indoctrinated by the extensive use of propaganda. However, even thou Lenin didn't glorify himself as a God-like being, he introduced widespread propaganda much earlier in Russia during the Civil War. Stalin introduced the Purges to eliminate any kind of opposition and to assure his place as an unquestionable leader. During his ruling period the secret police was very active, arresting, executing or sending to exile any people who opposed or might oppose the current government. In this way millions of lives were lost, and the remaining surviving ones lived in fear and terror. This style of ruling, by keeping the nation under a strict, tight control was introduced by Lenin, who also made use of the secret police to calm down any possible resistance against the new regime. The same thing happened with religion as well. As a good Communist Lenin forbade the practice of religion, and Stalin – just like Lenin – continued the suppression of religious freedom. Therefore we can see that Stalin had an important role in the Russian history, but if we look more closely, it is easy to spot that he just followed Lenin's path. All this prove, that even thou Stalin might have had a greater impact on Russia, Lenin had a greater importance than him, because he was the one who was mostly involved in the set up of Communism and putting it into practice using different new reforms. Ultimately, Stalin might have never emerged as a leader if Lenin wouldn't have gave him the position as the general secretary of the Communist Party, which allowed Stalin to win the power struggle. Therefore his importance in the Russian history is less than Lenin's.